3540939849.pdf

Cardio-Respiratory Control in Vertebrates

Dr. Mogens L. Glass

Dr. Stephen C. Wood

Editors

Cardio-Respiratory Control

in Vertebrates

Comparative and Evolutionary Aspects

123

Editors

Dr. Mogens L. Glass

Universidade de São Paulo

Fac. Medicina

Depto. Fisiologia

Avenida Bandeirantes 3900

Ribeirao Preto-SP

Brazil

mlglass@r.fmrp.usp.br

Dr. Stephen C. Wood

Department of Cell Biology

and Physiology

University of New Mexic o

School of Medicine

Albuquerque, NM 87131

USA

scwood@salud.unm.edu

ISBN 978-3-540-93984-9

e-ISBN 978-3-540-93985-6

DOI 10.1007/978-3-540-93985-6

Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York

Library of Congress Control Number: 2008944009

c Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2009

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is

concerned, specically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting,

reproduction on microlm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication

or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9,

1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are

liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law.

The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply,

even in the absence of a specic statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws

and regulations and therefore free for general use.

Cover Illustrations:

Gray-necked wood rail ( Aramides cajana ). Photo by E. Brandt de Oliveira.

Group of capivars ( Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris ), weighing up to 40kg. Photo by J.P.Touborg, Brabrand,

Denmark.

“Prego” monkey ( Cebus apella ) in a tree. Photo by J.P.Touborg, Brabrand, Denmark.

Cover design: WMX Design GmbH, Heidelberg

Printed on acid-free paper

Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Preface

Hopefully, this book will be taken off of the shelf frequently to be studied carefully

over many years. More than 40 researchers were involved in this project, which

examines respiration, circulation, and metabolism from sh to the land vertebrates,

including human beings. A breathable and stable atmosphere rst appeared about

500 million years ago. Oxygen levels are not stable in aquatic environments and

exclusively water-breathing sh must still cope with the ever-changing levels of O 2

and with large temperature changes. This is reected in their sophisticated counter-

current systems, with high O 2 extraction and internal and external O 2 receptors.

The conquest for the terrestrial environment took place in the late Devonian period

(355–359 million years ago), and recent discoveries portray the gradual transitional

evolution of land vertebrates. The oxygen-rich and relatively stable atmospheric

conditions implied that oxygen-sensing mechanisms were relatively simple and low-

gain compared with acid–base regulation. Recently, physiology has expanded into

related elds such as biochemistry, molecular biology, morphology and anatomy.

In the light of the work in these elds, the introduction of DNA-based cladograms,

which can be used to evaluate the likelihood of land vertebrates and lungsh as a

sister group, could explain why their cardio-respiratory control systems are similar.

The diffusing capacity of a duck lung is 40 times higher than that of a toad or

lungsh. Certainly, some animals have evolved to rich high-performance levels.

June 2009

M.L. Glass

S.C. Wood

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