Annual Editions Race and Ethnic Relations - Race and Ethnic Relations 16e.pdf - Angielskie [EN] - Kid_A

ANNUAL EDITIONS

Race and Ethnic

Relations

Sixteenth Edition

07/08

EDITOR

John A. Kromkowski

Catholic University of America

John A. Kromkowski is president of The National Center for Urban Ethnic Affairs

in Washington, D.C., a nonprofit research, technical assistance, and educational

institute that has sponsored programs and projects and published many books and

articles on ethnic relations, urban affairs, and economic revitalization. He is also

undergraduate coordinator in the Department of Politics at the Catholic University of

America. Dr. Kromkowski coordinates international seminars and internship pro-

grams in the United States, England, Ireland, and Belgium and a series of scholarly

institutes and a multivolume collection sponsored by the Council for Research in

Values and Philosophy titled Cultural Heritage and Contemporary Change. He has

served on national boards for the Baroni Institute, One American Foundation, Cam-

paign for Human Development, U.S. Department of Education Ethnic Heritage Stud-

ies Program, White House Fellows Program, National Neighborhood Coalition, and

American Revolution Bicentennial Administration.

2460 Kerper Blvd., Dubuque, IA 52003

Visit us on the Internet

http://www.mhcls.com

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Credits

1. Local Experiences of Racial and Ethnic Identity, Communities, and Diversity in America

Unit photo—CORBIS/Picture Quest

2. Echoes from the Past and Pieces of Our Ambiguous Legacies

Unit photo—Library of Congress

3. Demography and Diversity

Unit photo—The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./John Flournoy, photographer

4. Immigration and the American Tradition

Unit photo—The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./John Flournoy, photographer

5. Indigenous Ethnic Groups

Unit photo—Rubberball Productions/Getty Images

6. African Americans

Unit photo—Getty Images/SW Productions

7. Hispanic/Latina/o Americans

Unit photo—Jess Alford/Getty Images

8. Asian Americans

Unit photo—C. Borland/PhotoLink/Getty Images

9. Eastern European and Mediterranean Ethnics

Unit photo—Skip Nall/Getty Images

10. Understanding Race and Ethnic Relations: Exploring Challenges

Unit photo—Adam Crowley/Getty Images

Cataloging in Publication Data

Main entry under title: Annual Editions: Race and Ethnic Relations. 16/e. 2007/2008.

1. Race and Ethnic Relations—Periodicals. I. Kromkowski, John A., comp. II. Title: Race and Ethnic Relations.

ISBN 13: 978–0–07–339745–0

MHID 10: 0–07–339745–8

658’.05 ISSN 1075–5195

of this publication without the express written permission of McGraw-Hill Contemporary Learning Series,

and of the copyright holder (if different) of the part of the publication to be reproduced. The Guidelines for

Classroom Copying endorsed by Congress explicitly state that unauthorized copying may not be used to create,

to replace, or to substitute for anthologies, compilations, or collective works. Inquiries concerning publishing rights

to the articles herein can be directed to the Permission Department at Contemporary Learning Series. 800.243.6532

Annual Editions ® is a Registered Trademark of McGraw-Hill Contemporary Learning Series,

A Division of The McGraw-Hill Companies.

Sixteenth Edition

Cover image Ryan McVay/Getty Images

Compositor: Laserwords Private Limited

Printed in the United States of America

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Printed on Recycled Paper

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Editors/Advisory Board

Members of the Advisory Board are instrumental in the final selection of articles for each edition of ANNUAL EDITIONS. Their review

of articles for content, level, currentness, and appropriateness provides critical direction to the editor and staff. We think that you will

find their careful consideration well reflected in this volume.

EDITOR

John A. Kromkowski

Catholic University of America

ADVISORY BOARD

Henry Lee Allen

Wheaton College

Alan B. Anderson

University of Saskatchewan

James M. Calderone

College Misericordia

Ellis Cashmore

Staffordshire University

Phillip T. Gay

San Diego State University

Cecil Hale

City College of San Francisco

Perry A. Hall

University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill

Vicki L. Hesli

University of Iowa

Mary R. Holley

Montclair State University

Paul Kriese

Indiana University East

Linda Moghadan

University of Maryland, College Park

Tyrone Powers

Anne Arundel Community College

Edward Rhymes

University of Massachusetts-Dartmouth

Mitchell F. Rice

Texas A & M University

Dennis M. Rome

University of Wisconsin - Parkside

Thomas V. Tonnesen

University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee

Harriet Tramer

Cleveland State University

Staff

EDITORIAL STAFF

Larry Loeppke, Managing Editor

David Welsh, Developmental Editor

Jade Benedict, Developmental Editor

Joe Offredi, Developmental Editor

Nancy Meissner, Editorial Assistant

Rita Hingtgen, Production Service Assistant

PERMISSIONS STAFF

Lenny J. Behnke, Permissions Coordinator

Lori Church, Permissions Coordinator

Shirley Lanners, Permissions Coordinator

PRODUCTION STAFF

Beth Kundert, Production Manager

Karen Spring, Senior Administrative Assistant

Jane Mohr, Project Manager

Jean Smith, Project Manager

Sandy Wille, Project Manager

Tara McDermott, Design Specialist

Maggie Lytle, Cover Designer

MARKETING STAFF

Julie Keck, Senior Marketing Manager

Mary Klein, Marketing Communications Specialist

Alice Link, Marketing Coordinator

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Preface

In publishing ANNUAL EDITIONS we recognize the enormous role played by the magazines, newspapers, and journals of the public press in

providing current, first-rate educational information in a broad spectrum of interest areas. Many of these articles are appropriate for students,

researchers, and professionals seeking accurate, current material to help bridge the gap between principles and theories and the real world.

These articles, however, become more useful for study when those of lasting value are carefully collected, organized, indexed, and reproduced

in a low-cost format, which provides easy and permanent access when the material is needed. That is the role played by ANNUAL EDITIONS.

T he explosion of journalistic accounts, the growing

legitimacy of ethnicity and race as salient—if not significant—

factors related to economic globalization, and the super-

power status of the United States of America all engage our

attention toward and understanding of race and ethnicity.

Experiences of race and ethnicity are aspects of personal

identity sustained by societies, governmental policies, eco-

nomics, and religion, as well as the historical narratives of

meaning; all of which are embedded in the mentalities that

influence personal and group identity. The reader is invited

to observe race and ethnicity in the United States; and to

discern the development of regimes that have been applied

to this socially and economically mobile and culturally plural-

istic and immigrant-receiving country.

Nearly a hundred years after the U.S. Supreme Court

declared the civil rights laws passed by Congress after

the ‘War Between the States’ unconstitutional, the Court

addressed the issues again in 1954 in Brown v. Topeka

Board of Education. A decade later, in the mid-1960s, Con-

gress stepped up to the plate and passed civil and voting

rights laws and immigration reform by the mid-1960s. The

universal proclamation of the America Dream found new

vigor, but engaged new challenges of pluralism and diver-

sity. Though related to personal/individual rights, cultural

rights are clearly associated with a group’s participation and

its respected access to its part within the public and social

affairs. Given its size—and the historical legacy of slavery,

conquest, and immigration—the contemporary reality of

the United States remains rooted in the legacies of many

cultures and the ongoing drama of evocations of race and

ethnicity oscillate between celebrative proclamations and

lamentations and outrages based on experiences of oppres-

sion and unfairness. Such is the destiny of a large society

comprised of many cultures and the negotiation of boundar-

ies among groups in a political order committed to personal

liberties and civil rights. Thus the issue and realities of racial

and ethnic diversity are patiently real and woven into the very

nature of the country. Beyond the personal claims of liberties

and rights stand other questions: How well are we negoti-

ating relations among and between groups? How well are

we shaping and sharing the burdens and benefits of social

change and economic affluences? How we make such social

choices determines the character of our common life.

This collection was designed to assist you in under-

standing ethnic and racial pluralism in the United States in

a global age. Unit 1, acquaints the reader with case-studies

that are illustrative of the contemporary scene at the micro

levels. Each fine grain case-study reveals the specificity

and particularity of race and ethnic intersections. Unit 2

addresses the specific historical characteristics of diversity

and delineates significant features of American-diversity

related to slavery and color consciousness and immigration.

The ongoing, yet changing impacts and characteristics of

a new American demography are broached in Unit 3. The

historical and contemporary experiences of immigration are

covered in Unit 4.

The uniquely American expressions of indigenous

groups in this modern society are reviewed in Unit 5. Very

large and historically marginated populations are treated in

the selections found in Unit 6 and Unit 7, which focus respec-

tively on African Americans and Hispanic/Latino Americans.

Unit 8 explores various dimensions of the Asian

American experience. Unit 9 extends the discussion of eth-

nic identity to Americans of Eastern European and Mediter-

ranean background and offers comparative perceptions and

perspectives of ethnic Americans on contemporary issues.

Selections in Unit 10 illustrate how the most basic legal prin-

ciples of a society, and especially the U.S. Congress and

Supreme Court’s interpretation of them, are significant for

the delineation of race and ethnic relations. The intersec-

tion of the aspirations for inclusion and the realities of eco-

nomic, gender, and racial claims reveal a pattern of cultural

pluralism and contemporary challenges to the promise of

American liberties. This unit presents selections of articles

that address approaches to understanding the origins of

racialism and strife. It focuses on the religious and ethnic ori-

gins that shape the consciousness of group affinities and give

rise to political and governmental mobilizations of regimes.

In addition to the annotated table of contents, this edi-

tion of Annual Editions: Race and Ethnic Relations contains

a list of Internet References that can be used to further

explore article topics and a Topic Guide to reference articles

by subject. Readers may have input into the next edition of

Annual Editions: Race and Ethnic Relations by completing

and returning the prepaid article rating form in the back of

the book. Thank you.

John A. Kromkowski

Editor

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Contents

Preface

Topic Guide

xii

Internet References

xvi

UNIT 1

Local Experiences of Racial and Ethnic Identity,

Communities, and Diversity in America

Unit Overview

xviii

1. Ethnic Goes Exurban, Tyler Cowen, The Washington Post, September 3, 2006

Ty ler Cowen’s account opens a wide angle vista onto the migration of ethnic restaurants in

Northern Virginia, and settlement patterns and practices related to ethnic food in the Wash-

ington metropolitan area.

2. It’s Blarney Meets Chutzpah, over Red Wine and Green Beer, Jennifer

Medina, The New York Times, March 17, 2003

The convergence on the same night of two religious holidays— Saint Patrick’s Day and

Purim —brings together Catholics and Jews in New York City to celebrate.

3. A Shift in the Income Divide in Queens Puts Blacks Ahead of Whites,

Sam Roberts, The New York Times, October 1, 2006

This neighborhood profile by Sam Roberts reveals income and housing settlement varieties of

African Americans, and challenges stereotypical notions.

4. ‘New Brooklyns’ Replace White Suburbs, Rick Hampson, USA Today,

May 19, 2003

Rick Hampson’s new metaphor found in his report on recent census data and the migration

from cities to suburbs reveals the ongoing shift of urban ethnicities and the formation of

new patterns of residential and migrant-group interaction as the metropolitization of America

enters its fifth decade.

5. Parishes in Transition, Jessica Trobaugh Temple and Erin Blasko, South

Bend Tribune, May 8, 2003

These local accounts of Hispanic, Hungarian, and Polish communities reveal the transition

experienced by ethnic Catholic parishes in an older industrial city of the Midwest.

6. In New York, Gospel Resounds in African Tongues, Daniel J. Wakin, The

New York Times, April 18, 2004

Daniel Wakin’s account of a new African immigrant spirituality reveals the changing

patterns of religion and cultural differentiation related to recent immigrant experiences within

the larger demographic category of African-Americans.

7. In Brooklyn, an Evolving Ethnicity, Delizia Flaccavento, Ambassador,

National Italian American Foundation, Summer 2006

This profile of the streets of Bensonhurst recounts efforts by the Federation of Italian-

American Organizations toward the recultivation of neighborhood-based ethnicity that flour-

ished in this original ethnic enclave.

8. Mélange Cities, Blair A. Ruble, The Wilson Quarterly, Summer 2006

Blair A. Ruble’s essay on the expansion of ethnically pluralistic cities documents the significant

transformation of the Washington Metropolitan area.

9. Greektown’s Rise No Myth, Antero Pietila, Baltimore Sun, June 22, 2004

Pietila’s report on recent efforts of the Greek-American experience in Baltimore, the formation

of a new mechanism such as the Community Development Corporation, and the struggle

for resurgence of place and ethnic style are emblematic of positive urban initiatives at the

crucial intersections of culture, commerce, and housing.

The concepts in bold italics are developed in the article. For further expansion, please refer to the Topic Guide and the Index.

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