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Small Animal
Dental, Oral &
Maxillofacial
Disease
A Color Handbook
Brook A. Niemiec
Diplomate, American Veterinary Dental College,
Fellow, Academy of Veterinary Dentistry
Southern California Veterinary Dental Specialties, San Diego, USA
vetdentalrad.com
MANSON PUBLISHING/ THE VETERINARY PRESS
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Copyright © 2010 Manson Publishing Ltd
ISBN: 978-1-84076-108-5
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or
transmitted in any form or by any means without the written permission of the copyright holder or in accor-
dance with the provisions of the Copyright Act 1956 (as amended), or under the terms of any licence
permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 33–34 Alfred Place, London WC1E
7DP, UK.
Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal
prosecution and civil claims for damages.
A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
For full details of all Manson Publishing titles please write to:
Manson Publishing Ltd, 73 Corringham Road, London NW11 7DL, UK.
Tel: +44(0)20 8905 5150
Fax: +44(0)20 8201 9233
Commissioning editor: Jill Northcott
Project manager: Kate Nardoni
Copy editor: Ruth Maxwell
Book design and layout: Ayala Kingsley, DiacriTech, Chennai, India
Colour reproduction: Tenon & Polert Colour Scanning Ltd, Hong Kong
Printed by: New Era Printing Co. Ltd, Hong Kong
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Dedication
3
This book is dedicated to all who have helped me to become someone who could write/edit a book
worth reading.
There are numerous veterinarians who have influenced my life and my career. From my first dental
mentor, Dr. Michael Floyd, I learned not only dentistry, but also how to practice while still enjoying
a balance of fun in life. Special thanks to my true mentor and founding member of the AVDC,
Dr. Thomas Mulligan. Fortunately, you saw promise in me and worked diligently to bring it out,
even if I was reluctant initially. Thank you for taking me under your wing and teaching me to be my
best, through all those late nights at Main Street. However, veterinary medicine is more than
dentistry. I would like to thank Dr. Barry Neichin, my first employer and the best general practitioner
I know, for teaching me the basics of veterinary medicine. Drs. Michael Kelly and Robert Tugend
continued that training and taught me that working in a team is rewarding. Finally, I would like to
thank Dr. Robert Rooks, from whom I gained skills in marketing and client communications.
In addition to the veterinarians who have helped me along the way, I have benefited from working
with a great group of technicians and assistants. First and foremost in this group is Dawn Sabatino,
my right hand (and occasionally my left) for the last decade. So much of my practice would not be
possible without you; thanks for all that you do. I owe many thanks to Robert Furman (soon to be
a veterinarian) who was instrumental in starting my dental practice as well as making my life easier
with his computer and electrical and handy man skills. A note of thanks is also due for my assistants
who went above and beyond in years past: Teresa, Wendy, Tia, and Diane.
Outside of veterinary medicine, I would like to thank and recognize my original inspiration and
uncle, Dr. Greg Steiner DDS, who told me back in the 1980s to do veterinary dentistry! A special
note of gratitude to my old adventure buddy, Lynel Berryhill, whose support and technical help
during my applications to the Dental College and Academy were invaluable. I couldn’t have done
it without you. I also owe a big thank you to Dr. Katie Kangas for her countless hours of editing.
This has greatly improved your (the readers’) experience.
And finally, this book is largely dedicated to my parents Jim and Toni. Without your emotional
and financial support, my years of school, training, and practice would not have been possible. Thank
you for going above and beyond as parents, friends, and business mentors. You’re the best!
Thanks to all of you for the contributions you have made to my life, which in turn have led to
the creation of this book.
Brook
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CONTENTS
4
Step 6: Developing the
radiograph . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Step 7: Techniques for various
individual teeth . . . . . . . . 72
Step 8: Interpreting dental
radiographs . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Complicated crown fracture
(open crown fracture) . . 130
Caries (cavity,
tooth decay) . . . . . . . . . 133
Type 1 feline tooth
resorption (TR) . . . . . . . 136
Type 2 feline tooth resorption
(TR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Enamel hypoplasia and
hypocalcification . . . . . . 140
Intrinsic stains (endogenous
stains) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Extrinsic stains (exogenous
stains) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
secondary periodontal
disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
secondary endodontic
involvement . . . . . . . . . 153
Combined endodontic and
periodontal lesion . . . . . 155
Idiopathic root
resorption . . . . . . . . . . . 156
CHAPTER 4
Patient
Persistent deciduous
teeth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Fractured deciduous
teeth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Mesioversed maxillary
canines (lance effect) . . . 100
Class II malocclusion
(overshot, mandibular
brachygnathism) . . . . . . 104
Class III malocclusion
(undershot) . . . . . . . . . . 106
Class IV malocclusion
(wry bite) . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Hypodontia/oligodontia and
anodontia (congenitally
missing teeth) . . . . . . . . 114
Impacted or embedded
(unerupted) teeth . . . . . 116
Dentigerous cyst
(follicular cyst) . . . . . . . . 118
Enamel hypocalcification
(hypoplasia) . . . . . . . . . . 122
Feline juvenile (puberty)
gingivitis/periodontitis . 124
CHAPTER 2
Step 2: General physical
examination . . . . . . . . . . 41
Step 3: Orofacial
examination . . . . . . . . . . 42
Step 4: Conscious (awake)
intraoral examination . . . . 44
Step 5: The anesthetized
orodental examination . . . 54
CHAPTER 6
the Gingiva
Generalized gingival
enlargement (gingival
hyperplasia) . . . . . . . . . . 170
Gingivostomatitis (caudal
stomatitis) in cats . . . . . 176
CHAPTER 3
Radiology
Step 1: Patient
positioning . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Step 2: Film placement within
the patient’s mouth . . . . . 64
Step 3: Positioning the beam
head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Step 4: Setting the
exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Step 5: Exposing the
radiograph . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
CHAPTER 7
Mucosa
Eosinophilic granuloma
complex . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Chronic ulcerative paradental
stomatitis (CUPS)
(kissing lesions) . . . . . . . 189
CHAPTER 5
Hard Tissues
Uncomplicated crown
fracture (closed crown
fracture) . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
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