Siam Mapped - A History of the Geo-Body of a Nation by Thongchai Winichakul (1994).pdf

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Siam Mapped
Siam Mapped
A History of the
Ceo-Body of a Nation
Thongchai Winichakul
University of Hawaii Press
I
Honolulu
Contents
©
1994 University of Hawaii Press
All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America
94 95 96 97 98 99
5 4 3 2 1
Illustrations
vii
Preface
ix
Thai Language Conventions
xm
Acknowledgments
xv
INTRODUCTION
The Presence of Nationhood
The Two-Way Identification of Nationhood 1
The Positive and Negative Identification ofThainess
Thai Studies 6
Struggles for Interpretation 9
Siam as a Cultural Construct 12
Subject and Method 16
CHAPTER ONE
3
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Thongchai Winichakul.
Siam mapped: a history of the geo-body of a nation
I
Thongchai
Winichakul.
p.
em.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8248-1337-5
1. Thailand-Historical geography.
DS563.9.T47
1994
93-34494
911.593-dc20
CIP
Indigenous Space and Ancient Maps
Sacred Topographies 20
Imaginary Spatial Depiction: Ancient Maps 24
The Coexistence of Different Concepts of Space 33
CHAPTER TWO
The Coming ofa New Geography
Two Earths, Same Space: The Advent of Modern Earth
Breakthrough: Astronomy via Astrology 42
Space in a New Mode: Modern Geography 47
Space Encoded: The Modern Map 51
Modality: Ambiguity and Displacement 56
CHAPTER THREE
37
University of Hawaii Press books are printed on
acid-free paper and meet the guidelines for permanence
and durability of the Council on Library Resources
Design by Kenneth Miyamoto
Boundary
Western Boundary on the Western Frontier 62
Clashes of Conceptions of Boundary 68
The Nonbounded Kingdom 74
v
Contents
Vl
CHAPTER FOUR
Sovereignty
Hierarchical Interstate Relations 81
Shared Sovereignty: A Strategy for Survival 84
Multiple Sovereignty and the Europeans 88
CHAPTER FIVE
Illustrations
Margin
Overlapping Margins 97
The Making of "Our" Space 101
New Margins: Siam and the British 107
The Making of Interface by Force 109
CHAPTER SIX
Mapping: A New Technology of Space
Siam in Western Maps 113
Western Mapping in Siam 115
The Making of "Our" Space by Maps 119
Mapping Cross Fire: A Lethal Weapon Unleashed 122
CHAPTER SEVEN
Map1
Mainland Southeast Asia before Modern Boundaries 2
Illustrations follow page 80
Ceo-Body
Emergence of the Geo-Body: A Victory of Mapping
The Geo-Body Empowered 131
Beyond Territory and Geography 135
CHAPTER EIGHT
129
Figure
1
Map of Pilgrimage from a Lanna Manuscript
Figure
2
Tamnan Map from the Traiphum Manuscript
Figure
3
Seventeenth-Century Local Map of the Eastern
Bank of Songkhla Lagoon, South of Siam
Figure
4
Coastal Map from the Traiphum Manuscript
Figure
5
"The Strategic Map of King Rama I"
Figure
6
Neale's "Siamese Map"
Figure
7
Map of the Kingdom of Siam and Adjacent Countries
by a French Cartographer: 1686
Figure
8
John Crawfurd 's "Map of the Kingdom of Siam and
Cochin China": 1828
Figure
9
George Curzon's "The Siamese Boundary Question": 1893
Figure
10
McCarthy's 1888 Map
Ceo-Body and History
The Scar of 1893 and the Discontinuous Past 141
The Assumed Geo-Body in the Thai Past 143
Historical Atlas 150
The Past Plotted 156
The Past Remade 161
CONCLUSION
Ceo-Body, History, and Nationhood
The Creation of We-Self vs. Others
The Enemy Function 166
The Border of Thainess 169
The Power of Symbols 170
A Final Word 172
164
Note on Sources
175
Notes
177
Glossary
203
Bibliography
207
Index
223
vii
Illustrations
Vlll
Figure 11
Cartoon from Vajiravudh's Time
Figure 12
Symbol of the Saichaithai Foundation
Figure 13
History of Thailand's Boundary
Figure 14
.
Movements of Thai People from Ancient to Modern Times
Figure 15
Kingdom of N anchao
Figure 16
Kingdom of Sukhothai in the Reign of
King Ramkhamhaeng the Great
Figure 17
Kingdom of Ayudhya in the Reign of
King Naresuan the Great
Figure 18
Kingdom of Thonburi in the Reign
of King Taksin
Figure 19
Kingdom of Rattanakosin in the Reign
of King Rama I
Figure 20
"Wake Up, Thai People"
Preface
IN
THIS LAST DECADE
of the twentieth century the world, pushed by the Euro-
pean Community, is moving toward a new kind of community. Multina-
tional corporations, not a single government, increasingly predominate; mar-
kets and production are becoming global; the monetary system and the flow
of information and capital know no boundary. Asia, the Pacific world, and
America are trying to catch up with the European move. The world seems to
be preparing to go beyond the legacy of nineteenth-century Europe: nations
and nationalism will sooner or later be obsolete. At the same time, however,
the collapse of the socialist bloc has unleashed the power of nationalism-
indeed a rather old ethnic nationalism, which has proved more powerful than
Marx or Lenin would have thought. New "old" nations are emerging again.
Nationhood is strongly desired even as it becomes obsolete.
This book originated in such a context. A nation touches everyone's life.
It
has a government, an economy, a social and cultural condition, all of which
affect individuals. Indeed, nationhood has a powerful grip that can hold
together a community whose members may never know each other. So pow-
erful is it that lives can be sacrificed for it. It has inspired generations to strive
for innovative and constructive achievements. In fact, nationhood is desired
even among the radicals in many countries who may be no less loyal to their
country than their adversaries.
Yet the destructive effect of nationalism has been enormous. Indeed, its
destructiveness makes us more aware of the arbitrariness and artificiality of a
nation. At this conjuncture in which economic transnationalism and political
nationalism coexist, the study of nationalism and nationhood can take a new
direction. We are no longer overwhelmed by its pervasiveness and its preten-
tious. Such a consciousness has created a distance in the relationship between
individuals and their nation, for we can now examine nationhood from a van-
lX

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