Introductory Chemistry - An Active Learning Approach (4th Ed).pdf
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LOCATION OF USEFUL INFORMATION
NUMBERS AND CONSTANTS
Section
Avogadro’s number, N
A
7.3
6.02 3 10
23
units/mol
Energy
4.184 J/cal
10.7
Molar volume of gas at STP (0°C,
1 bar)
22.7 L/mol
14.5
Universal gas constant, R
14.3
0.0821 L ? atm/mol ? K 5 62.4 L ? torr/mol ? K
Water constant, K
w
17.8
1.0 3 10
214
DEFINITIONS:
P
ER
RELATIONSHIPS THAT YIELD CONVERSION FACTORS
Definition
Defining Equation
Typical Units
Section
Density: mass per unit volume
g/cm
3
, g/L, g/mL
3.8, 14.5
D ; m 4 V
Heat of fusion: heat per amount
J/g, kJ/mol
15.9
DH
fus
; q 4 amount
Heat of vaporization: heat per amount
kJ/g, kJ/mol
15.9
DH
vap
; q 4 amount
Molality: moles per kilogram solvent
mol/kg solvent
16.7
m ; mol 4 kg solvent
Molarity: moles per liter
M ; mol 4 L
mol/L
16.6
Molar mass: grams per mole
g/mol
7.4
MM ; g 4 mol
Molar volume: liters per mole
L/mol
14.5
MV ; L 4 mol
Normality: equivalents per liter
N ; eq 4 L
eq/L
16.8
IMPORTANT EQUATIONS
Section
3.7
T
K
5 T
°C
1 273
% A in a mixture 5 (parts of A/total of all parts) 3 100
7.6, 10.3, 16.5
4.3
1.000 atm 5 760.0 mm Hg 5 760.0 torr 5 101.3 kPa
4.6
P
1
V
1
/T
1
5 P
2
V
2
/T
2
14.3
PV 5 nRT 5 (m/MM)RT
15.1
P 5 p
1
1 p
2
1 p
3
1 ? ? ?
15.10
q 5 m 3 c 3 DT
17.8
K
w
5 [H
1
] [OH
2
]
17.9
pQ 5 2log Q (Q may be [H
1
], [OH
2
], K, etc.)
MISCELLANEOUS
Section
Classes of organic compounds
21.14
Drawing Lewis diagrams
13.1
Electronegativity
12.4
Electron pair and molecular geometries
13.2–3
Gas laws
4.4–6, 14.3, 15.1
Hydrocarbons, summary of
21.6
Intermolecular forces compared
15.3
Metric–USCS conversion table
3.6
3.4
Metric prefixes: 1 kilounit 5 1000 units; 100 centiunits 5 1 unit;
1000 milliunits 5 1 unit (units may be g, m, L, J, etc.)
Net ionic equations, summary of
9.12
Reactions and equations, summary of
8.10, 9.12
Significant figures
3.5
Sizes of atoms
11.6
Solubility guidelines
9.7
Specific heat, c
15.10
Stoichiometry path: macroscopic measurable given S moles given S
moles wanted S macroscopic measurable wanted
10.2, 10.9, 14.6–9,
16.11
Periodic Table of the Elements
1A
1
7A
17
8A
18
1
H
1.008
3
Li
6.941
1
H
1.008
2
He
4.003
2A
2
Current U.S. usage
IUPAC notation
3A
13
4A
14
5A
15
6A
16
4
Be
9.012
5
B
10.81
13
Al
26.98
6
C
12.01
7
N
14.01
8
O
16.00
9
F
19.00
10
Ne
20.18
11
Na
22.99
12
Mg
24.31
14
Si
28.09
15
P
30.97
16
S
32.07
17
Cl
35.45
18
Ar
39.95
3B
3
4B
4
5B
5
6B
6
7B
7
8B
9
1B
11
2B
12
8
10
19
K
39.10
20
Ca
40.08
21
Sc
44.96
22
Ti
47.87
23
V
50.94
24
Cr
52.00
25
Mn
54.94
26
Fe
55.85
27
Co
58.93
28
Ni
58.69
29
Cu
63.55
30
Zn
65.38
31
Ga
69.72
32
Ge
72.64
33
As
74.92
34
Se
78.96
35
Br
79.90
36
Kr
83.80
37
Rb
85.47
38
Sr
87.62
39
Y
88.91
40
Zr
91.22
41
Nb
92.91
42
Mo
95.96
43
Tc
(98)
44
Ru
101.1
45
Rh
102.9
46
Pd
106.4
47
Ag
107.9
48
Cd
112.4
49
In
114.8
50
Sn
118.7
51
Sb
121.8
52
Te
127.6
53
I
126.9
54
Xe
131.3
55
Cs
132.9
56
Ba
137.3
57
*
La
138.9
72
Hf
178.5
73
Ta
180.9
74
W
183.8
75
Re
186.2
76
Os
190.2
77
Ir
192.2
78
Pt
195.1
79
Au
197.0
80
Hg
200.6
81
Tl
204.4
82
Pb
207.2
83
Bi
209.0
84
Po
(209)
85
At
(210)
86
Rn
(222)
112
87
Fr
(223)
88
Ra
(226)
89
†
Ac
(227)
104
Rf
(267)
105
Db
(268)
106
Sg
(271)
107
Bh
(272)
108
Hs
(277)
109
Mt
(276)
110
111
113
114
115
116
118
Ds
Rg
(281)
(280)
58
Ce
140.1
59
Pr
140.9
60
Nd
144.2
61
Pm
(145)
62
Sm
150.4
63
Eu
152.0
64
Gd
157.3
65
Tb
158.9
66
Dy
162.5
67
Ho
164.9
68
Er
167.3
69
Tm
168.9
70
Yb
173.1
71
Lu
175.0
*Lanthanides
90
Th
232.0
91
Pa
231.0
92
U
238.0
93
Np
(237)
94
Pu
(244)
95
Am
(243)
96
Cm
(247)
97
Bk
(247)
98
Cf
(251)
99
Es
(252)
100
Fm
(257)
101
Md
(258)
102
No
(259)
103
Lr
(262)
†Actinides
All atomic masses have been rounded to four significant figures. Atomic masses in
parentheses are the mass number of the longest-lived isotope. Sources: IUPAC
Standard Atomic Weights 2005 and IUPAC Standard Atomic Weights Revised 2007.
The International Union for Pure and Applied Chemistry has not adopted official
names or symbols for these elements.
TABLE OF ELEMENTS
ATOMIC
NUMBER
ATOMIC
MASS*
ATOMIC
NUMBER
ATOMIC
MASS*
ELEMENT
SYMBOL
ELEMENT
SYMBOL
Actinium
Ac
89
(227)
Meitnerium
Mt
109
(276)
Aluminum
Al
13
26.98
Mendelevium
Md
101
(258)
Americium
Am
95
(243)
Mercury
Hg
80
200.6
Antimony
Sb
51
121.8
Molybdenum
Mo
42
95.96
Argon
Ar
18
39.95
Neodymium
Nd
60
144.2
Arsenic
As
33
74.92
Neon
Ne
10
20.18
Astatine
At
85
(210)
Neptunium
Np
93
(237)
Barium
Ba
56
137.3
Nickel
Ni
28
58.69
Berkelium
Bk
97
(247)
Niobium
Nb
41
92.91
Beryllium
Be
4
9.012
Nitrogen
N
7
14.01
Bismuth
Bi
83
209.0
Nobelium
No
102
(259)
Bohrium
Bh
107
(272)
Osmium
Os
76
190.2
Boron
B
5
10.81
Oxygen
O
8
16.00
Bromine
Br
35
79.90
Palladium
Pd
46
106.4
Cadmium
Cd
48
112.4
Phosphorus
P
15
30.97
Calcium
Ca
20
40.08
Platinum
Pt
78
195.1
Californium
Cf
98
(251)
Plutonium
Pu
94
(244)
Carbon
C
6
12.01
Polonium
Po
84
(209)
Cerium
Ce
58
140.1
Potassium
K
19
39.10
Cesium
Cs
55
132.9
Praseodymium
Pr
59
140.9
Chlorine
Cl
17
35.45
Promethium
Pm
61
(145)
Chromium
Cr
24
52.00
Protactinium
Pa
91
231.0
Cobalt
Co
27
58.93
Radium
Ra
88
(226)
Copper
Cu
29
63.55
Radon
Rn
86
(222)
Curium
Cm
96
(247)
Rhenium
Re
75
186.2
Darmstadtium
Ds
110
(281)
Rhodium
Rh
45
102.9
Dubnium
Db
105
(268)
Roentgenium
Rg
111
(280)
Dysprosium
Dy
66
162.5
Rubidium
Rb
37
85.47
Einsteinium
Es
99
(252)
Ruthenium
Ru
44
101.1
Erbium
Er
68
167.3
Rutherfordium
Rf
104
(267)
Europium
Eu
63
152.0
Samarium
Sm
62
150.4
Fermium
Fm
100
(257)
Scandium
Sc
21
44.96
Fluorine
F
9
19.00
Seaborgium
Sg
106
(271)
Francium
Fr
87
(223)
Selenium
Se
34
78.96
Gadolinium
Gd
64
157.3
Silicon
Si
14
28.09
Gallium
Ga
31
69.72
Silver
Ag
47
107.9
Germanium
Ge
32
72.64
Sodium
Na
11
22.99
Gold
Au
79
197.0
Strontium
Sr
38
87.62
Hafnium
Hf
72
178.5
Sulfur
S
16
32.07
Hassium
Hs
108
(277)
Tantalum
Ta
73
180.9
Helium
He
2
4.003
Technet ium
Tc
43
(98)
Holmium
Ho
67
164.9
Tel lur ium
Te
52
127.6
Hydrogen
H
1
1.008
Terbium
Tb
65
158.9
Indium
In
49
114.8
Thallium
Tl
81
204.4
Iodine
I
53
126.9
Thorium
Th
90
232.0
Iridium
Ir
77
192.2
Thulium
Tm
69
168.9
Iron
Fe
26
55.85
Tin
Sn
50
118.7
Krypton
Kr
36
83.80
Titanium
Ti
22
47.87
Lanthanum
La
57
138.9
Tungs t en
W
74
183.8
Lawrencium
Lr
103
(262)
Uranium
U
92
238.0
Lead
Pb
82
207.2
Vanadium
V
23
50.94
Lithium
Li
3
6.941
Xenon
Xe
54
131.3
Lutetium
Lu
71
175.0
Ytterbium
Yb
70
173.1
Magnesium
Mg
12
24.31
Yttrium
Y
39
88.91
Manganese
Mn
25
54.94
Zinc
Zn
30
65.38
Zirconium
Zr
40
91.22
*All atomic masses are rounded to four significant figures. A value given in parentheses indicates the mass number of the longest-lived isotope.
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