C - Program - 2e - Glossary.pdf - po ang - Januszek66

Glossary

access specifier Dictates the accessibility of class members to the world. Access

specifiers are private, protected, and public.

address operator: & When used with a variable name, the address operator

returns the hex address of the memory location for that variable, for example:

&number;

algorithm A process or set of rules for solving a problem.

ANSI/ISO Standard American National Standards Institute/International

Standards Organization. Oversees the committee that standardizes the C++

language.

arguments Input or return values for a function.

array A list of variables of the same data type that are referenced with a single

name. Each element or member of an array is accessed by using an integer

index value. The [] operators are used in the declaration statement. For

example, an array of 100 doubles named “numbers” is declared by using:

doublenumber[100];

array dimension The size of the array. Arrays can be single-dimensional (list),

two-dimensional, (table), or multi-dimensioned.

array index

The integer value that references a specific element or member of

an array.

array pointers When an array is declared, C++ automatically creates a pointer

of the same name that “points to” the first element of the array.

ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII). The

personal computer uses the ASCII notation for interpreting bits.

associativity When two (or more) operators that have the same procedure are

found in a C++ expression, associativity specifies the order of operations,

such as left to right or right to left.

automatic variable Variables that are declared inside functions. Automatic vari-

ables are also known as local variables.

base access specifier The three access specifiers, private, protected, and public,

can also be used in the first line of a class declaration. When used here, the

specifiers dictate how the base class members are treated in the derived

classes.

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Glossary

base class A general-purpose class—also known as the “parent” class. New classes

are derived from the base class. These new classes (children classes) are special

cases of the base class. This principle is known as inheritance. For example, a

vehicle class (which describes data and functions for motor vehicles) can be a

base class. A Recreational Vehicle class can be derived from the Vehicle class.

An RV is a Vehicle. The RV inherits properties from the Vehicle class.

base 16 Uses sixteen different symbols to represent a quantity of items. The six-

teen symbols are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F; this is also known as

hexadecimal notation.

base 10 Our common counting system, with ten different symbols to represent a

quantity of items. The ten symbols are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9; this is also

known as decimal notation.

base 2 Uses two different symbols to represent a quantity of items. The two

(most common) symbols are 0 and 1; This is also known as binary notation.

binary operator An operator that requires two operands, such as the addition

operator a + b or greater than operator a > b

bit A unit of data that exists in one of two states, such as 1 or 0, on or off.

block scope Variables declared within a set of {} are in scope as long as the pro-

gram execution is within the {} .

body of function The statements of C++ code inside a function.

bool A data type used to declare boolean variables. A boolean variable contains

the value true or false.

breakpoint A line of source code that is identified by the programmer while he

or she is using the debugger. A breakpoint tells the debugger to stop the pro-

gram on that line of code to enable the programmer to examine program

variables.

byte Consists of 8 bits and is the basic unit of computer memory.

bytecode The Java compiler produces bytecode. The Java Virtual Machine pro-

gram interprets the bytecode and issues machine instructions.

call-by-reference

A term used when the address of a variable is passed to a

function.

call-by-reference with pointers A term used when the address of a variable is

passed into a pointer variable in the function. The address operator is

required in the call statement and the indirection operator is required in the

function.

call-by-reference with reference parameters The address of a variable is passed

to a reference variable in the function. Just the name of the variable is

required in the call statement and no indirection operator is required in the

function.

call-by-value The value of a variable is passed to a function.

called function When one function uses (or invokes) a second function, the sec-

ond function is the called function.

calling function When one function uses (or invokes) a second function, the first

function is the calling function.

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Glossary

call statement The line of code in the program where a function is invoked.

case sensitive Recognizing upper- and lowercase letters to be different. C++ is a

case-sensitive language. TOTAL, Total, and total are three different names in

C++.

casting An operation in which the value of one type of data is transformed into

another type of data.

C++ class The fundamental unit in object-oriented programming; contains the

“job description” (member data and functions) for a program object.

char A data type used to declare a variable that contains one character symbol.

The value ‘y’ can be stored in a char variable.

character string A character array, such as char name[50];

child class A derived class. See derived class and base class.

class A “job description” for a program object. The class contains member data

and functions. See C++ class.

class constructor A function that has the same name as the class and is automat-

ically called when objects are declared. The main job of a constructor func-

tion is to initialize object member data. It may be overloaded.

class declaration The source code that contains the class members, including the

private, protected, and public sections with data and functions. Typically, the

class declaration is contained in a .h file.

class definition The source code that contains the implementation of member

functions. Typically, the class definition is contained in a .cpp file.

class members Either data or functions that are declared within a class.

class relationships The interactions and connections or associations that

classes have with each other. There are three class relationships: uses a, has

a, and is a.

comment Lines in source code, ignored by the compiler, in which programmers

may write information concerning the file or program.

commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) software The general term for products

offered by software developers. COTS is ready to use in the developer’s own

software;—for example, COTS software can be file translators, image pro-

cessing, or graphics software.

compiler A software program that reads source code and produces object or

machine code.

compile-time polymorphism Illustrated in either overloaded functions or over-

loaded operators. ( See polymorphism for complete discussion.)

complex class A class provided in the C++ language for working with complex

numbers. (Complex numbers are represented as

a + bi,

where i is the

)

conditional statement A statement in C++ in which a condition is evaluated.

The result determines which path the program control takes.

const A modifier specifying that the variable is to remain a constant value, such

as const double pi = 3.14159265;

sqrt(-1).

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Glossary

constructor function See class constructor.

data structure A grouping of data variables that represents a logical unit, such

as the data describing an item in a grocery store, including name, brand, price,

UPC code, etc. The keyword struct is required.

data type A type of “container” holding program data. There are several differ-

ent data types in C++, including int , float , double , char , and bool .

debugger The portion of the development environment that allows the pro-

grammer to step into a program and run the program line by line. The pro-

grammer can set breakpoints and watch how the values of variables change.

It is possible to watch the order of statement execution in the debugger.

default input parameter list function Default input values may be supplied in

the function prototype. If the variables (or values) are not provided in the

function call, the default input values are used in the function.

delimiter A character specified in a read statement; the reading is concluded

when the delimiter character is found.

derived class A new class created by inheriting data and functions from a base

or parent class. See base class.

destructor function A function that has the same name as the class with a

such as or The destructor is called automatically

when the object goes out of scope. It cannot be overloaded.

double A data type used to declare variables with up to ten places of decimal

precision. The value 3.9342431337 can be stored in a double variable.

dynamic memory allocation Occurs when the program obtains memory for pro-

gram variables “on the fly” as the program executes.

EBCDIC Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code. Mainframes and

some minicomputers use the EBCDIC format for interpreting bits.

elements Members of an array.

enumerated data type A user-defined type; a numbered list of categories or

items, such as days of the week, types of coins, or dog breeds.

error code A set of values specified by the programmer that represents errors

discovered in the program. For example, error codes could be 1 for invalid

user input, 2 for file not found, etc.

error flag The variable containing the error code.

error trap Term used by programmers that means “be on the look-out” for a

possible error, such as an invalid user input or a divide by zero. Error trap-

ping code checks and avoids invalid code operation.

exception handling A way to deal with run-time errors gracefully. When an

error occurs, an exception is “thrown” and “caught” by an exception handler.

An exception is another name for an error.

extract When characters are pulled out of the stream of data, and placed into

variables, these characters are said to be extracted from the stream.

flags Variables used in programs to remember items or conditions in a program.

Flags are usually integers or boolean variables. For example, set a

' character,

' Date

' Player.

flag = 0

no errors occurred or

flag = 1

if an error occurred.

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Glossary

float A data type used to declare variables with up to five places of decimal pre-

cision. The value 6.24313 can be stored in a floating point variable.

free The C standard library function that releases (frees) allocated memory

from the program and returns it to the system.

function A discrete module or unit of code that performs specific tasks.

function body Consists of the statements of C++ code inside a function.

function header line The first line of any function in C/C++ contains the input

types and arguments and return type.

function prototype The C++ statement that contains the function name, input,

and return data types. The prototype informs the compiler that the function

exists in the program.

GCC GNU C compiler

A C++ development environment produced by the

GNU project.

global variable A variable declared outside any function. All functions within

the file can access global variables.

has a relationship The “has a” relationship is a class relationship in which one

object (first) contains another object (second), and the second object is an

integral part of the first object. If the second object were removed from the

first object, the first object could not perform as expected. For example, a ten-

nis player has a tennis racquet.

heap The portion of the computer memory in which global and static program

variables are stored, along with the memory reserved during dynamic mem-

ory allocation (using the new operator).

hex address The address of a memory location.

hexadecimal notation The mathematical notation that describes how computer

memory is referenced. Base 16 is hexadecimal notation.

identifier In C++, the name of a variable, label, function, or object that the pro-

grammer defines.

indirection operator * When used with a pointer, it directs the program to go to

the address held in the pointer variable. The -> is also an indirection operator

used with a pointer to a struct or a class.

inheritance The inheritance process in an object-oriented language is demon-

strated when a new class is created from an existing class—and this new class

contains data and functions from the existing class. See base class.

inline functions Inline functions contain the inline keyword in the prototype.

When the executable file is produced, the inline function body is embedded

in the code at the function call location.

input arguments The variable values (or addresses) passed into a function.

instance of a class (or instantiation of a class) When a class variable is declared,

an object is created. This object is known as an instance of a class.

int A data type used to declare variables that are whole numbers. The value of

42 can be contained in an integer variable.

is a relationship The “is a” relationship is found when one class is derived from

a second class (inheritance-type class relationship). The second class becomes

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