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NINTH EDITION
BUSINESS DATA
COMMUNICATIONS
AND NETWORKING
JERRY FITZGERALD
Jerry FitzGerald & Associates
ALAN DENNIS
Indiana University
JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.
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To Kelly and Alec
ACQUISTIONS EDITOR
Beth Lang Gloub
ASSISTANT EDITOR
Jennifer Devine
MARKETING MANAGER
Jillian Rice
PRODUCTION EDITOR
Sandra Dumas
DESIGNER
Michael St. Martine
MEDIA EDITOR
Allison Morris
PHOTO EDITOR
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PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT SERVICES
Hermitage Publishing Services
Cover Photo
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Printed in the United States of America.
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ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Professor Alan Dennis is professor of information systems in the Kelley School of Busi-
ness at Indiana University and holds the John T. Chambers Chair in Internet Systems. The
Chambers Chair was established to honor John Chambers, president and chief executive
officer of Cisco Systems, the worldwide leader of networking technologies for the Internet.
Prior to joining Indiana University, Professor Dennis spent 9 years as a professor at
the University of Georgia, where he won the Richard B. Russell Award for Excellence in
Undergraduate Teaching. Professor Dennis has a bachelor’s degree in computer science
from Acadia University in Nova Scotia, Canada, and an MBA from Queen’s University in
Ontario, Canada. His Ph.D. in management of information systems is from the University
of Arizona. Prior to entering the Arizona doctoral program, he spent 3 years on the faculty
of the Queen’s School of Business.
Professor Dennis has extensive experience in the development and application of
groupware and Internet technologies and developed a Web-based groupware package
called Consensus @nyWARE, now owned by SoftBicycle Corporation. He has won seven
awards for theoretical and applied research and has published more than 100 business and
research articles, including those in Management Science , MIS Quarterly , Information
Systems Research , Academy of Management Journal , Organization Behavior and Human
Decision Making , Journal of Applied Psychology , Communications of the ACM , and IEEE
Transactions of Systems, Man, and Cybernetics . His first book was Getting Started with
Microcomputers , published in 1986. Professor Dennis is also an author (along with Pro-
fessor Barbara Wixom of the University of Virginia and Professor Robby Roth of the Uni-
versity of Northern Iowa) of Systems Analysis and Design: An Applied Approach , also
available from Wiley. Professor Dennis is the cochair of the Internet Technologies Track
of the Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. He has served as a consultant
to BellSouth, Boeing, IBM, Hughes Missile Systems, the U.S. Department of Defense,
and the Australian Army.
Dr. Jerry FitzGerald is the principal in Jerry FitzGerald & Associates, a firm he
started in 1977. He has extensive experience in risk analysis, computer security, audit
and control of computerized systems, data communications, networks, and systems
analysis. He has been active in risk-assessment studies, computer security, audit reviews,
designing controls into applications during the new system development process, data
communication networks, bank wire transfer systems, and electronic data interchange
(EDI) systems. He conducts training seminars on risk analysis, control and security, and
data communications networks. Dr. FitzGerald has a Ph.D. in business economics and a
master’s degree in business economics from the Claremont Graduate School, an MBA
from the University of Santa Clara, and a bachelor’s degree in industrial engineering
from Michigan State University. He is a certified information systems auditor (CISA)
and holds a certificate in data processing (CDP). He belongs to the EDP Auditors Associ-
ation (EDPAA), the Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA), and the Information Systems
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ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Security Association (ISSA). Dr. FitzGerald has been a faculty member at several Cali-
fornia universities and a consultant at SRI International.
His publications and software include Business Data Communications: Basic Con-
cepts, Security and Design, 4th edition, 1993; Designing Controls into Computerized Sys-
tems, 2nd edition, 1990; RANK-IT: A Risk Assessment Tool for Microcomputers;
CONTROL-IT: A Control Spreadsheet Methodology for Microcomputers; Fundamentals
of Systems Analysis: Using Structured Analysis and Design, 3rd edition, 1987; Online Au-
diting Using Microcomputers ; Internal Controls for Computerized Systems ; and over 60
articles in various publications.
 
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