Building Technology 2E.pdf

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Mechanical and

Electrical Systems

Second Edition

BENJAMIN STEIN

Consulting Engineer

JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. New York ∑ Chichester ∑ Brisbane ∑ Toronto ∑ Singapore

∑ Weinheim

DISCLAIMER

The information in this book has been derived and ex-

tracted from a multitude of sources, including building

codes, fire codes, industry codes and standards, manufac-

turer's literature, engineering reference works and per-

sonal professional experience. It is presented in good

faith, but, although the author and the publisher have

made every reasonable effort to make the information

presented accurate and authoritative, they do not war-

rant, and assume no liability for, its accuracy or com-

pleteness or its fitness for any specific purpose. It is pri-

marily intended as a learning and teaching aid and not

as a source of information for the actual final design of

building systems. It is the responsibility of users to apply

their professional knowledge in the use of the information

presented in this book and to consult original sources for

current detailed information as needed, in actual design

situations.-Benjamin Stein P.E.

This text is printed on acid-free paper.

Reproduction or translation of any part of this work be-

yond that permitted by Section 107 or 108 of the 1976

United States Copyright Act without the permission of

the copyright owner is unlawful. Requests for permission

or further information should be addressed to the Permis-

sions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 605 Third Av-

enue, New York, NY 10158-0012.

This publication is designed to provide accurate and

authoritative information in regard to the subject

matter covered. It is sold with the understanding that

the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, accounting,

or other professional services. If legal advice or other

expert assistance is required, the services of a competent

professional person should be sought.

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data:

Stein, Benjamin.

Building technology : mechanical & electrical systems / Benjamin

Stein.-2nd ed.

p. cm.

Rev. ed. of: Building technology / William J. McGuinness, Benjamin

Stein, c1977.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 0-471-59319-2 (cloth : alk. paper)

1. Buildings-Mechanical equipment. 2. Buildings-Electric

equipment. 3. Buildings-Environmental engineering.

I. McGuinness, William J. Building technology. II. Title.

TH6010.M24 1996

696-dc20 96-6186

Printed in the United States of America

10 9 8 7

Preface

This book was written to provide the knowledge

required for the job position of technologist in the

building industry. This job position also carries the

title of draftsman, junior designer, field service

engineer, inspector and technician, depending on

the company, the project and the type of work in-

volved.

The building process generally can be divided

into three phases: the planning phase, the con-

struction phase, and the maintenance and field

service phase after beneficial occupancy of the fa-

cility. The technologist will find opportunities to

apply his or her knowledge in all three phases.

The planning phase of a building project involves

the architect and the engineering consultants. The

function of the architect is programming and space

planning. The architect confers with the various

project engineers with respect to mechanical and

electrical systems in order to determine the type of

systems that will best suit a facility. At this stage

of planning, the technologist generally is not in-

volved. Once the overall system planning is com-

pleted, the project mechanical (HVAC), electrical

and plumbing engineers begin detailed design. It is

at this stage that the technologist is called upon.

The usual arrangement for a project at the design

stage, in an engineering office, involves the follow-

ing technical positions:

Project engineer.

Design engineers (designers).

Technologists (junior designers, draftsmen).

In addition, specialists such as lighting designers,

computer personnel and energy specialists may be

involved, depending on the type and size of the job.

The project engineer coordinates with the architect

and the various design specialties. The design en-

gineer(s) perform the actual system design and cal-

culations, with the assistance of one or more tech-

nologists. The technologist is responsible for pro-

ducing the working drawings; that is, he or she is

primarily concerned with the "nuts and bolts" of

the job. The working drawings are contract docu-

ments that, along with the job specifications, tell

the contractor, in detail, what the job requirements

are. Their preparation involves a thorough knowl-

edge of basic principles, design procedures, equip-

ment and hardware, installation procedures and

the techniques of drawing preparation

Working drawings were, until recently, generally

produced by a draftsman or junior designer who

sat at a drafting table and physically drew them,

usually with pencil on paper but also sometimes

with ink on vellum or cloth. The advent of comput-

ers, CAD (computer aided design) programs and

plotters has, in large measure, replaced hand draw-

ing, although manual preparation of working

drawings is still found occasionally in design of-

fices and frequently in field construction offices.

For the most part, however, the job title of drafts-

man is no longer applicable; technologist or junior

designer is more appropriate. Although this person

may now "draw" at a computer console, the knowl-

edge required for the job is the same as previously

required.

Once the planning is complete and contracts let,

the construction phase of building begins. At this

stage, technologists in the engineer's office handle

design changes (of which there are always some),

shop drawings (manufacturer's detailed equip-

ment drawings), some material inspection and a

considerable portion of the field construction in-

spection work, including solving coordination and

space allocation problems. Technologists in the

contractor's office prepare large-scale, detailed, co-

ordinated installation drawings, for the use of the

trade construction personnel. Much of this work is

still hand drawn. They also handle equipment shop

drawings and sometimes are involved with mate-

rial acquisition. Technologists on the contractor's

staff may work in the contractor's field office on

large jobs, doing many types of field work and

coordination work with equipment suppliers.

Technologists working for equipment manufac-

turers prepare detailed equipment drawings and

provide the necessary coordination with the engi-

neer and contractor. When construction is complete,

technologists from the engineer's and con-

tractor's offices will assist in the very extensive

job of field testing, adjusting and balancing of

mechanical and electrical systems.

After a building is turned over to the owner

for "beneficial occupancy," it becomes the owner's

responsibility to maintain the building's systems.

With today's complex M/E systems, this is not a

simple task. Often the owner hires a service com-

pany to perform this function, which, in turn, hires

field service engineers and technicians who have

a construction and/or manufacturing background.

Here again, the M/E technologist can find construc-

tive use for his or her knowledge and capabilities.

From the foregoing it should be evident that

the building industry has a continuing need for

competent mechanical and electrical technolo-

gists. It is to provide the necessary technical back-

ground for such persons that this book is intended.

Since the publication of the first edition of this

book 20 years ago, the building industry has under-

gone many changes. Design must meet the ever

more demanding requirements of energy codes,

laws delineating the needs of handicapped persons,

environmental impact standards and improved hu-

man comfort criteria. Also, modern buildings not

only must meet the complex technological needs of

its occupants but also must be designed for ex-

treme flexibility in order to meet the rapid techni-

cal changes that typify our society.

In the construction phase, new materials and

installation techniques have been developed that

are less labor-intensive yet provide better service-

ability and longer life. No field has developed more

rapidly than that of controls and automation,

which make life easier for the user but much more

complicated for the engineering staff.

All of these developments have been considered

in the preparation of this completely revised sec-

ond edition. In addition, the underlying (and un-

changing) principles upon which all technical de-

sign is based have been restated, refreshed, and

re-presented in what I trust is an interesting and

informative fashion.

Benjamin Stein

Acknowledgments

No modern book is ever the exclusive product of

one person's labor. I am deeply indebted to all

those who have given aid and advice during the

years of preparing this text. First and foremost,

however, I wish to acknowledge and thank my wife

LiIa Stein, who strongly encouraged me to prepare

this revision and who took upon herself the de-

manding task of corresponding with manufactur-

ers whose products are illustrated, plus the burden

of all phases of manuscript typing and preparation.

Without her diligent and excellent work, this revi-

sion would not have been possible.

Dr. Hamilton A. Chase provided me with some of

the source material for the HVAC and plumbing

sections of this book, plus astute comments on

their use. Mr. Shlomo Chen of Tel Aviv, Israel,

provided valuable suggestions at the outset of this

project. Mr. Arthur Fox's excellent review com-

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