Construction Methods - Chapter01.pdf - po ang - Januszek66

Introduction

1–1THECONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRY

Theconstructionindustry(includingdesign,newandrenovationconstruction,andtheman-

ufactureandsupplyofbuildingmaterialsandequipment)isoneofthelargestindustriesin

theUnitedStates,historicallyaccountingforabout10%ofthenation’sgrossnationalprod-

uctandemployingsome10millionworkers(references2and3).AnnualU.S.newcon-

structionvolumehasexceeded$800billioninrecentyears.Becauseconstructionisan

exciting,dynamicprocesswhichoftenprovideshighincomeforworkersandcontractors,it

isanappealingcareeropportunity.However,theseasonalandsporadicnatureofconstruc-

tionworkoftenservestosignificantlyreducetheannualincomeofmanyworkers.Inaddi-

tion,constructioncontractingisaverycompetitivebusinesswithahighrateofbankruptcy.

Itiswidelyrecognizedthatconstructionasadisciplineisacombinationofartand

science.Whileunderstandingthetechnicalaspectsofconstructionisextremelyimportant,

itisalsoessentialthatconstructionprofessionalshaveknowledgeofthebusinessandman-

agementaspectsoftheprofession.Closeobservationandparticipationinactualconstruc-

tionprojectsisveryvaluableinobtaininganunderstandingoftheconstructionprocessas

well.Thus,theauthorencouragesthosewhoarestudyingconstructioninanacademicen-

vironmenttotakeeveryopportunitytoobserveandparticipateinactualconstructionac-

tivities.Anunderstandingofthetopicspresentedinthefollowingchapterswillprovidea

foundationinthemethodsandmanagementofconstruction.

Whileconstructionhastraditionallybeenaveryconservativeindustry,theincreasing

rateoftechnologicaldevelopmentandgrowinginternationalcompetitionintheindustryare

servingtoacceleratethedevelopmentofnewconstructionmethods,equipment,materials,

andmanagementtechniques.Asaresult,comingyearswillseeanincreasingneedforin-

novativeandprofessionallycompetentconstructionprofessionals.

ConstructionContractors

Companiesandindividualsengagedinthebusinessofconstructionarecommonlyreferredto

as constructioncontractors (orsimply contractors )becausetheyoperateunderacontract

arrangementwiththeowner.Constructioncontractorsmaybeclassifiedasgeneralcontractors

CHAPTER1

Figure1–1 ConstructionofSt.LouisGatewayArch. ( CourtesyofAmerican

InstituteofSteelConstruction)

orspecialtycontractors. Generalcontractors engageinawiderangeofconstructionactivities

andexecutemostmajorconstructionprojects.Whentheyenterintoacontractwithanownerto

providecompleteconstructionservices,theyarecalled primecontractors.Specialtycontrac-

tors limittheiractivitiestooneormoreconstructionspecialties,suchaselectricalwork,plumb-

ing,heatingandventilating,orearthmoving.Specialtycontractorsareoftenemployedbya

primecontractortoaccomplishsomespecificphaseofaconstructionproject.Sincethespe-

cialtycontractorsareoperatingundersubcontractsbetweenthemselvesandtheprimecontrac-

tor,thespecialtycontractorsarereferredtoas subcontractors. Thus,theterms“subcontractor”

and“primecontractor”aredefinedbythecontractarrangementinvolved,notbytheworkclas-

sificationofthecontractorsthemselves.Thus,aspecialtycontractoremployedbyanownerto

carryoutaparticularprojectmightemployageneralcontractortoexecutesomephaseofthe

project.Inthissituation,thespecialtycontractorbecomestheprimecontractorfortheproject

andthegeneralcontractorbecomesasubcontractor.

WhilethenumberofconstructioncontractorsintheUnitedStateshasbeenestimatedto

exceed800,000,some60%ofthesefirmsemploythreeorfewerworkers.Contractorsem-

ploying100ormoreworkersmakeuplessthan1%ofthenation’sconstructionfirmsbutac-

countforabout30%ofthevalueofworkperformed.Thetrendinrecentyearshasbeenforthe

largeconstructionfirmstocaptureanincreasingshareofthetotalU.S.constructionmarket.

INTRODUCTION

ConstructionIndustryDivisions

Themajordivisionsoftheconstructionindustryconsistofbuildingconstruction(alsocalled

“verticalconstruction”)andheavyconstruction(alsocalled“horizontalconstruction”).

ThedistributionoftotalU.S.constructionvolumeforarepresentativeyearisillustratedin

Figure1–2. Buildingconstruction (Figure1–3),asthenameimplies,involvestheconstruc-

tionofbuildings.Thiscategorymaybesubdividedintopublicandprivate,residentialand

nonresidentialbuildingconstruction.Whilebuildingconstructionaccountsforamajorityof

thetotalU.S.newconstructionmarket(seeFigure1–2),manyofthelargestandmostspec-

tacularprojectsfallintheheavyconstructionarea. Heavyconstruction (Figure1–4)includes

highways,airports,railroads,bridges,canals,harbors,dams,andothermajorpublicworks.

Otherspecialtydivisionsoftheconstructionindustrysometimesusedincludeindustrial

construction,processplantconstruction,marineconstruction,andutilityconstruction.

1–2THECONSTRUCTIONPROCESS

ProjectDevelopmentandContractProcedures

Themajorstepsintheconstructioncontractingprocessincludebidsolicitation,bidprepa-

ration,bidsubmission,contractaward,andcontractadministration.Theseactivitiesarede-

scribedinChapter18.However,beforethebiddingprocesscantakeplace,theownermust

determinetherequirementsfortheprojectandhavethenecessaryplans,specifications,

andotherdocumentsprepared.Theseactivitiesmakeuptheprojectdevelopmentphaseof

construction.Formajorprojects,stepsintheprojectdevelopmentprocessinclude:

•Recognizingtheneedfortheproject.

•Determiningthetechnicalandfinancialfeasibilityoftheproject.

•Preparingdetailedplans,specifications,andcostestimatesfortheproject.

•Obtainingapprovalfromregulatoryagencies.Thisinvolvesascertainingcompliance

withzoningregulations,buildingcodes,andenvironmentalandotherregulations.

Forsmallprojects,manyofthesestepsmaybeaccomplishedonaveryinformalbasis.

However,forlargeorcomplexprojectsthisprocessmayrequireyearstocomplete.

HowConstructionIsAccomplished

TheprincipalmethodsbywhichfacilitiesareconstructedareillustratedinFigures1–5to

1–9.Theseinclude:

•Constructionemployinganownerconstructionforce.

•Ownermanagementofconstruction.

•Constructionbyageneralcontractor.

Figure1–2 DistributionofU.S.

newconstructionvolume. ( Source:

BureauoftheCensus)

Privatebuilding=71%

Publicnonbuilding

=12%

Publicbuilding

=10%

Private

nonbuilding

=7%

Figure1–3 Modernbuildingconstructionproject.

INTRODUCTION

Figure1–4 Heavyconstructionproject—KennedySpaceCenterlaunch

complex. ( U.S.AirForcephotograph)

•Constructionusingadesign/build(turnkey)contract.

•Constructionutilizingaconstructionmanagementcontract.

Manylargeindustrialorganizations,aswellasanumberofgovernmentalagencies,pos-

sesstheirownconstructionforces.Althoughtheseforcesareutilizedprimarilyforperforming

repair,maintenance,andalterationwork,theyareoftencapableofundertakingnewconstruc-

tionprojects(Figure1–5).Morefrequently,ownersutilizetheirconstructionstaffstomanage

theirnewconstruction(Figure1–6).Theworkmaybecarriedoutbyworkershireddirectlyby

theowner(forceaccount),byspecialtycontractors,orbyacombinationofthesetwomethods.

Constructionbyageneralcontractoroperatingunderaprimecontractisprobablythe

mostcommonmethodofhavingafacilityconstructed(Figure1–7).However,twonewer

methodsofobtainingconstructionservicesarefindingincreasinguse:design/build(or

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