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Changing the way the world learns®
Introduction to Psychology
Gateways to Mind and Behavior
10
Dennis Coon
edition
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“My first psychology course was taught by a woman whose great intellect, warmth, and wisdom had a lot to do with my decision to major in psychology. In the years that followed, I was inspired by other gifted teachers.
Their voices, as well as my own, can be heard throughout this book.”
After earning a doctorate in psychology from the University of Arizona, Dennis Coon taught for 22 years at Santa Barbara City College, California. Throughout his career, Dr. Coon has especially enjoyed the challenge of teaching introductory psychology.He and his wife Sevren have returned to Tucson, where he continues to teach, write, edit, and consult.
Dr. Coon is the author of Introduction to Psychology
and Psychology: A Journey, as well as Essentials of Psychology. Together, these texts have been used by over 2 million students. Dr. Coon frequently serves as a reviewer and consultant to publishers and he edited the best-selling trade book, Choices. He also helped design modules for PsychNow!,Wadsworth’s interactive CD-ROM.
In his leisure hours Dr. Coon enjoys hiking, photography, painting, woodworking, and music. He also designs, builds, and plays classical and steel string acoustic guitars. He has published articles on guitar design and occasionally offers lectures on this topic, in addition to his more frequent presentations on psychology.
His return to Arizona has made it possible for him to fulfill a lifelong dream of using operant conditioning to teach scorpions to tap dance.
About the Author
Introduction: The Psychology of Studying 1
1 Introduction to Psychology and Research Methods 12
Psychology in Action: Psychology in the News—Separating Fact from Fiction 48 A Step Beyond: Research Ethics—Smile,You’re on Candid Camera! 51
2 Brain and Behavior 56
Psychology in Action: Handedness—If Your Brain Is Right,What’s Left? 83 A Step Beyond: Neurogenesis and Plasticity—The Plastic, Fantastic Brain 86
3 Child Development 92
Psychology in Action: Effective Parenting—Raising Healthy Children 126 A Step Beyond:The Brave New World of Genetics and Reproduction 129
4 From Birth to Death: Life-Span Development 136
Psychology in Action:Well-being and Happiness—What Makes a Good Life? 167 A Step Beyond: Approaching Death—New Pathways 169
5 Sensation and Reality 174
Psychology in Action: Controlling Pain—This Won’t Hurt a Bit 205 A Step Beyond: Synesthesia—Hearing Colors,Tasting Light 207
6 Perceiving the World 212
Psychology in Action: Perception and Objectivity—Believing Is Seeing 239 A Step Beyond: Extrasensory Perception—Do You Believe in Magic? 243
7 States of Consciousness 250
Psychology in Action: Exploring and Using Dreams 283 A Step Beyond: Drug Abuse—Many Questions, Few Answers 286
8 Conditioning and Learning 292
Psychology in Action: Behavioral Self-Management—A Rewarding Project 322 A Step Beyond: Biological Constraints on Learning—Snakes, Spiders, and the Reluctant Raccoon 325
9 Memory 330
Psychology in Action:Mnemonics—Memory Magic 359 A Step Beyond:Why Does Memory Fail Us? 362
10 Cognition, Language, and Creativity 366
Psychology in Action: Enhancing Creativity—Brainstorms 394 A Step Beyond: Animal Intelligence 397
11 Intelligence 402
Psychology in Action: How Intelligent Are Intelligence Tests? 421 A Step Beyond:The Larry P. Case—”Six-Hour Retardates” 425
Brief Contents
viii BRIEF CONTENTS
12 Motivation and Emotion 430
Psychology in Action: Emotional Intelligence—The Fine Art of Self-Control 467 A Step Beyond: Love—Stalking an Elusive Emotion 469
13 Gender and Sexuality 474
Psychology in Action: Sexual Problems—When Pleasure Fades 498 A Step Beyond:Touching—Does It Always Have Sexual Implications? 504
14 Personality 508
Psychology in Action: Barriers and Bridges—Understanding Shyness 541 A Step Beyond: Self-Monitoring—Which Me Do You See? 544
15 Health, Stress, and Coping 548
Psychology in Action: Stress Management 576 A Step Beyond: Meditation—The 20-Minute Vacation 581
16 Psychological Disorders 586
Psychology in Action: Suicide—Lives on the Brink 619 A Step Beyond:Who Is “Crazy”? What Should Be Done About It? 622
17 Therapies 628
Psychology in Action: Self-Management and Finding Professional Help 656 A Step Beyond: Cultural Issues in Counseling and Psychotherapy 661
18 Social Behavior 666
Psychology in Action: Assertiveness Training—Standing Up for Your Rights 690 A Step Beyond: Social Traps—The Tragedy of the Commons 692
19 Attitudes, Culture, and Human Relations 696
Psychology in Action: Multiculturalism—Living with Diversity 721 A Step Beyond: Evolutionary Psychology—The Inner Hunter-Gatherer? 724
20 Applied Psychology 728
Psychology in Action: Improving Communication at Work 752 A Step Beyond: Space Psychology—Life on the High Frontier 754
Appendix: Behavioral Statistics A-1
Glossary G-1
References R-1
Credits C-1
Name Index N-1
Subject Index S-1
The SQ4R Method—How to Tame a Textbook 1 How to Use Gateways to Mind and Behavior 2
Survey 2
Question 2
Read 2
Recite and Relate 3
Review 3
Effective Note-Taking—Good Students, Take Note! 3 Using and Reviewing Your Notes 4
Summary 4
Study Strategies—Making a Habit of Success 4 Study in a Specific Place 4 Use Spaced Study Sessions 4 Try Mnemonics 4 Test Yourself 4 Overlearn 5
Self-Regulated Learning—Academic All-Stars 5
Procrastination—Avoiding the Last-Minute Blues 5 Time Management 6 Goal Setting 6 Learning as an Adventure 6
Taking Tests—Are You “Test Wise”? 6 General Test-Taking Skills 7
Objective Tests 7
Essay Tests 7
Short-Answer Tests 7
Using Electronic Media—Netting New Knowledge 7 Electronic Gateways 8
Using the Net 8 The Psychology Resource Center 8 Psych Sites 8
InfoTrac College Edition 8
PsycINFO 9 CD-ROM Databases 9
PsycLIT and ClinPSYC 9 Multimedia CD-ROMs 9
PsychNow! 10
Using Multimedia CD-ROMs 10 A Final Word 10
Psychology on the Net 10
Interactive Learning 11
Preview:Why Study Psychology? 12
Psychology—Spotlight on Behavior 13 Defining Psychology 14 Empiricism 14 Psychological Research 14 Science and Critical Thinking 14
Thinking About Behavior 15 Research Specialties 15 Animals and Psychology 16 Psychology’s Goals 17
Description 17
Understanding 17
Prediction 17
Control 18
A Brief History of Psychology—Psychology’s Family Album 18 Into the Lab 18 Structuralism 19 Functionalism 19 Behaviorism 20
Radical Behaviorism 20
Cognitive Behaviorism 20 Gestalt Psychology 21 Psychoanalytic Psychology 21 Humanistic Psychology 22
Psychology Today—Five Views of Behavior 23 Positive Psychology 24 Summary 24
Human Diversity—Appreciating Social and Cultural Differences 24 The Impact of Culture 25
Cultural Relativity 25
A Broader View of Diversity 25
Psychologists—Guaranteed Not to Shrink 26 Psychologists 27 Other Mental Health Professionals 28 The Profession of Psychology 29
Ethics 29 Specialties in Psychology 29
Contents
x CONTENTS
Scientific Research—How to Think Like a Psychologist 30 The Scientific Method 30
Hypothesis Testing 31
Operational Definitions 31
Clever Hans 31
Theories 32
Publication 32
Summary 32 Research Methods 33
Naturalistic Observation—Psychology Steps Out! 33 Limitations 34
The Anthropomorphic Error 34 Recording Observations 34
Correlational Studies—In Search of the Perfect Relationship 34 Correlation Coefficients 34
Correlation and Causation 35 Relationships in Psychology 35
Graphical Data 36
The Psychology Experiment—Where Cause Meets Effect 37 Variables and Groups 37
Experimental Control 38
Cause and Effect 38 Evaluating Results 39
Meta-analysis 39
Placebo Effects—Sugar Pills and Saltwater 39 Controlling Placebo Effects 40 The Experimenter Effect 40
The Clinical Method—Data by the Case 41
Survey Method—Here, Have a Sample 42
Sampling 42
Internet Surveys 42
Social Desirability 42
Summary 43
Critical Thinking Revisited—Evaluating Claims and Evidence 44
A Case Study of Critical Thinking 44
Anecdotal Evidence 44
Casual Observation 44
Authority 45
Formal Evidence 45
Pseudo-psychologies—Palms, Planets, and Personality 45
Problems in the Stars 46 Uncritical Acceptance 46 Positive Instances 46 The Barnum Effect 47 Summary: Science and Critical Thinking 47
A Look Ahead 47
Psychology in Action:
Psychology in the News—Separating Fact from Fiction 48
A Step Beyond:
Research Ethics—Smile,You’re on Candid Camera! 51
Chapter in Review 53
Psychology on the Net 54
Interactive Learning 55
Feature Boxes (Highlights)
¡ Human Diversity: Women in Psychology 22
¡ The Clinical File: Psychologists: Perceptions and Realities 27
¡ Human Diversity: Is There a Gender Bias in Psychological Research? 43
Preview: Finding Music in Tofu 56
Neurons—Building a “Biocomputer” 57 Parts of a Neuron 57 The Nerve Impulse 58 Synapses and Neurotransmitters 60
Neural Regulators 61
The Nervous System—Wired for Action 61 Neurons and Nerves 61 Neural Networks 62
The Peripheral Nervous System 63
The Spinal Cord 64
Research Methods—Charting the Brain’s Inner Realms 64 New Images of the Living Brain 65
CT Scan 65
MRI Scan 66
PET Scan 66
CONTENTS xi
The Cerebral Cortex—My,What a Big Brain You Have! 68 Cerebrum 68
Corticalization 68 Cerebral Hemispheres 69 Hemispheric Specialization 70
...
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