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Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-18939-2 – English Grammar in Use
Raymond Murphy
Excerpt
More information
Present perfect continuous and simple
(
I have been doing
and
I have done
)
Unit
10
A
Study this example situation:
I’ve been painting
my bedroom.
I’ve painted
my bedroom.
There is paint on Kate’s clothes.
She
has been painting
her bedroom.
Has been painting
is the
present perfect
continuous.
We are thinking of the activity. It does not
matter whether it has been fi nished or not.
In this example, the activity (painting the
bedroom) has not been fi nished.
Her bedroom was green. Now it is yellow.
She
has painted
her bedroom.
Has painted
is the
present perfect simple
.
Here, the important thing is that something
has been fi nished.
Has painted
is a completed
action. We are interested in the result of
the activity (the painted bedroom), not the
activity itself.
B
Compare these examples:
My hands are very dirty. I
’ve been
repairing
my bike.
Joe
has been eating
too much recently.
He should eat less.
It’s nice to see you again. What
have
you
been doing
since we last met?
Where have you been?
Have
you
been
playing
tennis?
My bike is OK again now. I
’ve
repaired
it.
Somebody
has eaten
all the
chocolates. The box is empty.
Where’s the book I gave you? What
have
you
done
with it?
Have
you ever
played
tennis?
C
We use the continuous to say
how long
(for something that is still happening):
How long
have
you
been reading
that
book?
Lisa is writing emails. She
’s been
writing
emails all morning.
They
’ve been playing
tennis since
2 o’clock.
We use the simple to say
how much, how
many
or
how many times:
How much of that book
have
you
read
?
Lisa is writing emails. She
’s sent
lots of
emails this morning.
They
’ve played
tennis three times this
week.
I’m learning Arabic, but
I haven’t been
learning
it very long.
I’m learning Arabic, but I
haven’t learnt
very much yet.
D
Some verbs (for example,
know
/
like
/
believe
) are not normally used in the continuous:
I’
ve known
about the problem for a long time. (
not
I’ve been knowing)
How long
have
you
had
that camera? (
not
have you been having)
For a list of these verbs, see Unit 4A. For
have
, see Unit 17.
But note that you
can
use
want
and
mean
in the present perfect continuous:
I
’ve been meaning
to phone Jane, but I keep forgetting.
Present perfect simple ➜ Units 7–8 Present perfect continuous ➜ Unit 9
Present perfect +
for
/
since
➜ Units 11–12
20
© in this web service Cambridge University Press
www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-18939-2 – English Grammar in Use
Raymond Murphy
Excerpt
More information
Unit
10
Exercises
10.1
Read the situation and complete the sentences. Use the verbs in brackets.
1 Tom started reading a book two hours ago. He is still reading it and now he is on page 53.
He has been reading
for two hours. (read)
He has read
53 pages so far. (read)
2 Rachel is from Australia. She is travelling round Europe at the moment. She began her trip three
months ago.
She
for three months. (travel)
six countries so far. (visit)
3 Patrick is a tennis player. He began playing tennis when he was ten years old. This year he won
the national championship again – for the fourth time.
the national championship four times. (win)
since he was ten. (play)
4 When they left college, Lisa and Sue started making fi lms together. They still make fi lms.
They
fi lms since they left college. (make)
fi ve fi lms since they left college. (make)
10.2
For each situation, ask a question using the words in brackets.
1 You have a friend who is learning Arabic. You ask:
(how long / learn / Arabic?)
How long have you been learning Arabic?
2 You have just arrived to meet a friend. She is waiting for you. You ask:
(wait / long?) Have
3 You see somebody fi shing by the river. You ask:
(catch / any fi sh?)
4 Some friends of yours are having a party next week. You ask:
(how many people / invite?)
5 A friend of yours is a teacher. You ask:
(how long / teach?)
6 You meet somebody who is a writer. You ask:
(how many books / write?)
(how long / write / books?)
7 A friend of yours is saving money to go on a world trip. You ask:
(how long / save?)
(how much money / save?)
10.3
Put the verb into the more suitable form, present perfect simple (
I have done
) or continuous
(
I have been doing
).
1 Where have you been?
Have you been playing
(you / play) tennis?
2 Look!
(somebody / break) that window.
3 You look tired.
(you / work) hard?
4 ‘
(you / ever / work) in a factory?’ ‘No, never.’
5 ‘Liz is away on holiday.’ ‘Is she? Where
(she / go)?’
6 My brother is an actor.
(he / appear) in several fi lms.
7 ‘Sorry I’m late.’ ‘That’s all right.
(I / not / wait) long.’
8 ‘Is it still raining?’ ‘No,
(it / stop).’
9
(I / lose) my phone.
(you / see)
it anywhere?
10
(I / read) the book you lent me, but
(I / not / fi nish) it yet. It’s very interesting.
11
(I / read) the book you lent me, so you can have it back now.
12 This is a very old book.
(I / have) it since I was a child.
21
© in this web service Cambridge University Press
www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-18939-2 – English Grammar in Use
Raymond Murphy
Excerpt
More information
Unit
11
How long have you
(
been
)
… ?
A
Study this example situation:
Dan and Jenny are married. They got married exactly
20 years ago, so today is their 20th wedding anniversary.
They
have been
married
for 20 years
.
We say: They
are
married.
(present)
but
How long have
they
been
married?
(present perfect)
(
not
How long are they married?)
They
have been
married
for 20 years
.
(
not
They are married for 20 years)
We use the
present perfect
to talk about something that began in the past and still continues now.
Compare the
present
and the
present perfect:
Paul is in hospital.
present
he is
do you know
she is waiting
but
He
’s
been
in hospital
since Monday
. (= He
has
been ...)
(
not
Paul is in hospital since Monday)
Do
you
know
each other well?
but
Have
you
known
each other
for a long time
?
present perfect
he has been
have you known
she has been waiting
(
not
Do you know)
She
’s waiting
for somebody.
but
She
’s been waiting all morning
.
Do
they
have
a car?
past
now
but
How long have
they
had
their car?
B
I have known
/
had
/
lived
etc. is the
present perfect simple
.
I have been learning
/
been waiting
/
been doing
etc. is the
present perfect continuous
.
When we ask or say ‘how long’, the continuous is more usual (see Unit 10):
I
’ve been learning
English
for six months
.
It
’s
been raining since lunchtime
.
Richard
has been doing
the same job
for 20 years
.
‘
How long have
you
been driving
?’ ‘Since I was 17.’
Some verbs (for example,
know
/
like
/
believe
) are not normally used in the continuous:
How long
have
you
known
Jane? (
not
have you been knowing)
I
’ve had
a pain in my stomach all day. (
not
I’ve been having)
See also Units 4A and 10C. For
have
, see Unit 17.
C
You can use either the present perfect continuous or simple with
live
and
work
:
Julia
has been living
/
has lived
here for a long time.
How long
have
you
been working
/
have
you
worked
here?
But use the simple (
I’ve lived
/
I’ve done
etc.) with
always
:
I
’ve always lived
in the country. (
not
always been living)
D
We say ‘
I haven’t done
something
since
/
for
…’
(present perfect simple)
:
I
haven’t seen
Tom since Monday. (= Monday was the last time I saw him)
Sarah
hasn’t phoned
for ages. (= the last time she phoned was ages ago)
I haven’t … since
/
for
➜ Unit 8B
Present perfect continuous ➜ Units 9–10
For
and
since
➜ Unit 12A
22
© in this web service Cambridge University Press
www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-18939-2 – English Grammar in Use
Raymond Murphy
Excerpt
More information
Unit
Exercises
11
11.1
Are the
underlined
verbs right or wrong? Correct them where necessary.
1 Ben is a friend of mine.
I know him
very well.
OK
I’ve known him
2 Ben is a friend of mine.
I know him
for a long time.
3 Sarah and Adam
are married
since July.
4 The weather is awful.
It’s raining
again.
5 The weather is awful.
It’s raining
all day.
6 I like your house. How long
are you living
there?
7 Gary
is working
in a shop for the last few months.
8
I don’t know
Tom well. We’ve only met a few times.
9 I gave up drinking coffee.
I don’t drink
it for a year.
10 That’s a very old bike. How long
do you have
it?
11.2
Read the situations and write questions from the words in brackets.
1 A friend tells you that Paul is in hospital. You ask him:
(how long / be / in hospital?)
How long has Paul been in hospital?
2 You meet a woman who tells you that she teaches English. You ask her:
(how long / teach / English?)
3 You know that Jane is a good friend of Katherine’s. You ask Jane:
(how long / know / Katherine?)
4 Your friend’s brother went to Australia some time ago and he’s still there. You ask your friend:
(how long / be / in Australia?)
5 Tom always wears the same jacket. It’s a very old jacket. You ask him:
(how long / have / that jacket?)
6 You are talking to a friend about Joe. Joe now works at the airport. You ask your friend:
(how long / work / at the airport?)
7 A friend of yours is having guitar lessons. You ask him:
(how long / have / guitar lessons?)
8 You meet somebody on a plane. She says that she lives in Chicago. You ask her:
(always / live / in Chicago?)
11.3
Complete B’s answers to A’s questions.
A
B
Yes, he
has been
in hospital since Monday.
1
Paul is in hospital, isn’t he?
No, I
haven’t seen
her for three months.
2
Do you see Ann very often?
3
Is Amy married?
Yes, she
married for ten years.
4
Are you waiting for me?
Yes, I
for the last half hour.
5
You know Mel, don’t you?
Yes, we
each other a long time.
6
Do you still play tennis?
No, I
tennis for years.
7
Is Joe watching TV?
Yes, he
TV all evening.
8
Do you watch TV a lot?
No, I
TV for ages.
9
Do you have a headache?
Yes, I
a headache all morning.
10
Adrian is never ill, is he?
No, he
ill since I’ve known him.
11
Are you feeling ill?
Yes, I
ill all day.
12 Sue lives in Berlin, doesn’t she?
Yes, she
in Berlin for the
last few years.
13 Do you go to the cinema a lot?
No, I
to the cinema for ages.
14 Would you like to go to New
Yes, I
to go to New York.
York one day?
(
use
always
/
want
)
23
© in this web service Cambridge University Press
www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-18939-2 – English Grammar in Use
Raymond Murphy
Excerpt
More information
Unit
12
For
and
since When … ?
and
How long … ?
A
We use
for
and
since
to say how long something has been happening.
We use
for
+ a period of time (
two hours
,
six
weeks
etc.):
We use
since
+ the start of a period
(
8 o’clock
,
Monday
,
1999
etc.):
I’ve been waiting
for two hours
.
I’ve been waiting
since 8 o’clock
.
for two hours
since 8 o’clock
two hours ago
now
8 o’clock
now
for
since
two hours
20 minutes
fi ve days
8 o’clock
Monday
12 May
a long time
six months
50 years
April
2001
Christmas
a week
ages
years
lunchtime
we arrived
I got up
Sally has been working here
for six
months
. (
not
since six months)
Sally has been working here
since April
.
(= from April until now)
I haven’t seen Tom
for three days
.
I haven’t seen Tom
since Monday
.
It is possible to leave out
for
(but not usually in negative sentences):
They’ve been married (for)
ten years
. (with or without
for
)
They
haven’t had
a holiday
for
ten years. (you must use
for
)
We do
not
use
for
+
all
… (
all day
/
all my life
etc.):
I’ve lived here
all my life
. (
not
for all my life)
You can use
in
instead of
for
in negative sentences (
I haven’t
... etc.):
They
haven’t had
a holiday
in ten years
. (= for ten years)
B
Compare
when
… ? (+
past simple
) and
how long
… ? (+
present perfect
):
Œ:
When
did it start raining?
Ž: It started raining
an hour ago
/
at 1 o’clock
.
Œ:
How long
has it been raining?
Ž: It’s been raining
for an hour
/
since 1 o’clock
.
Œ:
When
did Joe and Carol fi rst meet?
Ž: They fi rst met
⎧
⎨
⎩
a long time ago
.
when they were at school
.
Œ:
How long
have they known each other?
Ž: They’ve known each other
⎧
⎨
⎩
for a long time
.
since they were at school
.
C
We say:
It’s
It’s been
(= It
is
)
(= It
has been
)
a long time
six months (etc.)
since something happened
or
It’s two years since
I last saw Joe.
or
It’s been two years since
…
(= I haven’t seen Joe for two years)
It’s ages since
we went to the cinema.
or
It’s been ages since
…
(= We haven’t been to the cinema for ages)
How long is it since
Mrs Hill died?
or
How long has it been since
…
?
(= When did Mrs Hill die?)
How long have you
(
been
) … ? ➜ Unit 11
24
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