Encyclopedia Britannica 1963 [19].pdf

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THE UNIVERSITY
OF
CHICAGO
The Encyclopadid Britdnnica
is
published with the editorial advice ofthe fdculties
of
"The
University of Chicago and of
u
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and London aniversities and of
d
committee
at The University of Toronto
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19
R
AYNAL
TO
SARRAUT
ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA,
INC.
WILLIAM
BENTON,
PUBLISHER
CHICAGO
LONDON
TORONTO
GENEVA
SYDNEY
PRINTED IN THE
U.
S.
A.
F
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UNDED
A.D.
r768
Volume
19
R
AYNAL
T
O
S
ARRAUT
French writer and propagandist, widely read and very
influential in his day, was an important precursor of
the French Revolution. Born at Saint-Geniks in the
Aveyron, April 12, 1713, he was educated at the Jesuit
college a t Rodez, and himself became a Jesuit. He taught a t
PCzenas, Clermont and Toulouse, left the Society of Jesus at about
the age of 34 and went to Paris; he exercised minor ecclesiastical
functions a t Saint-Sulpice. Meanwhile he entered the world of let-
ters and from 1747 to about 1752 was literary correspondent to the
duchess Dorotea of Saxe-Gotha to whom he addressed his
Nouvel-
les litte'raires.
His first major publications were
Histoire du
stadhoudkrat
(1747) and
Histoire du Parlement d'iingleterre
(1 748), both hack work. In the first he appeared as an opponent
of despotism; in the second, as an advocate of absolute monarchy,
a discrepancy to be explained by the different orientation of French
foreign policy in relation to Holland and to Great Britain. From
1750 to 1754 he edited the
Mercure de France.
This literary ac-
tivity won for him a place in French society and he became a guest
at the tables of HelvCtius and D'Holbach and a friend of Montes-
quieu.
His most celebrated work was
Histoire philosophique
et
poli-
tique des e'tablissements et d u commerce des Europe'ens duns les
deux Indes,
first published in 17i0 in six volumes, revised in 1774
and again, with changes of an outspoken and audacious character,
in 1780. This was not his unaided work. Diderot, in particular,
contributed extensively to it and Alexandre Deleyre, a disciple of
Montesquieu, is reputedly responsible for the 19th book, which
contains a general statement of political philosophy and is of more
lasting interest than the rest. The whole work is a compendium
of information and ideas on history, economics and politics, with
an advanced anticlerical bias. Reprints were extremely numerous.
The book fell foul of the Holy See in 1774, nheii
it
was
pid~ed
r1
o
the Index, and of the
parlement
of Paris in 1781, when it was sen-
tenced to be burned and the author was sent into exile. Raynal
thereupon went first into Belgium, where he was the subject of
many hostile lampoons, then into Prussia, where his reception at
the hands of Frederick
I1
was less cordial than he expected, and
finally into Switzerland. I n 1784 he was permitted to return to
France, though not to Paris. He settled first at Toulon, then a t
Marseilles, where he entertained the youthful Napoleon, who read
R
AYNAL, GUILLAUME THOMAS
(1 713-1796),
Histoire philosophique.
His banishment from Paris was rescinded
in 1790; he returned to the metropolis and engaged cautiously in
political activity. He died a t Chaillot on March 6, 1796.
See
A
Feugkre,
Un pre'curseur de la Revolution: l'abbe' Raynal
( 1 9 2 2 )
and
Btblzographie crztique de I'AbbC Raynal
(1922)
;
H .
Wolpe,
Raynal
e t
sa machine de guerre
(1957).
( R
T
.
S.)
RAYNALD OF CHATILLON
(d. l l 8 7 ) , a knight in the
service of Constance, princess of Antioch, whom she chose for her
husband in 1153, four years after the death of her first husband,
Raymund
(9.v.).
One of Raynald's first acts was a brutal assault
on the patriarch of Antioch; while two years later he made an un-
justifiable attack on Cyprus, in the course of which the island was
ravaged. The act brought its punishment in 1159, when he had
to humiliate himself before the emperor Manuel, doing homage
and promising to accept a Greek patriarch; and when Manuel
came to Antioch in the same year, and was visited there by Baldwin
111, Raynald led his horse into the city. Later in the year he
was
captured by the Mohammedans and held for 17 years. Released
in 11 76, he married Stephanie, the widow of Humphrey of Toron,
and heiress of Krak and Mont Royal, to the southeast of the Dead
Sea-fortresses which controlled the trade routes between Egypt
and Damascus. and gave him access to the Red sea. I n Nov. 1177,
at the head of the army of the kingdom, he won a victory over
Saladin, who only escaped with difficulty from the pursuit. But
in 1181 the temptation of the caravans which passed by his fortress
proved too strong, and in spite of a truce between Saladin and
Bald~vinIV, he began to plunder. Saladin demanded reparations
from Baldwin IV. Baldwin could only reply that he was unable
to coerce his unruly vassal. The result was a new outbreak of war
between Saladin and the Latin kingdom (1182). I n the course
of the hostilities Raynald launched ships on the Red sea, partly
for buccaneering, partly, it seems, with the design of attacking
Mecca, and of chaiienging iviohammedanism in its own hoiy piace.
His ships were captured by one of Saladin's officers; and a t the
end of the year Saladin himself attacked Raynald in his fortress
of Krak, at a time when a number of guests were assembled to
celebrate the marriage of his stepson, Humphrey of Toron. The
siege was raised, however, by Count Raymund of Tripoli; and
until 1186 Raynald was quiet. I n that year he espoused the cause
of Sibylla and Guy de Lusignan against Count Raymund, and his
influence contributed to the recognition of Guy as king of Jeru-

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